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Black Rain
The United States dropped atomic bombs on August 6 and 9 of 1945 on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II, when the great majority of dead people were ordinary civilians. The novel Black Rain, the video White Light, Black Rain, as well as the essay Rise of Ultra nationalism and the Pacific War (Chapter 14 in David Lu’s book) address this event. These works are all valuable documents not only because they show destruction, but also because they bring up the issue of the production nuclear bombs, the results of aggressive foreign policy and the dubious necessity for the US attack.
The three works are valuable in a different way. The novel demonstrates the life perspective of a particular survivor who tries to move on with her life by getting married, but winds up getting infected by the radiation poisoning. The movie White light, Black Rain offers a broader perspective; It shows both sides. It tells what the Americans thought and how they reacted to the massacre in Japan, what happened at that time the bombs were about to be dropped, and how the survivors are doing now. In Chapter 14 of the book by David Lu, one can see in more detail what may have been the causes of the war.
The novel explores the discrimination that the survivors of the nuclear bomb attack suffered because of radiation, which caused severe diseases; sometimes it was hard for someone to know whether she/he was infected. It is a valuable novel because instead of dealing with the political part of the destruction, the novel shows the effects in the daily life of survivors as they attempted to recover their lives and get married. It could be seen as a Historical novel. Even the people who weren’t directly affected by the radiation received bruise marks from the black rain.
In the novel Black Rain, a character called Shigematsu and his wife Shigeko are the guardians of their niece Yasuko, and are charged with finding her a husband. She has previously been rejected three times by suitors who worried that she was infected from atomic radiation. In this novel, Yasuko is a girl that until her middle twenties looked just fine, but the Japanese society is aware that people contaminated by the radiation poisoning could be sick even when they look perfectly normal. The symptoms of an illness caused by radiation can appear suddenly and may result in death. Furthermore, babies from infected women are likely to be born deformed and with anomalies. In order to find a husband, Yasuko tries desperately to prove that she hadn’t been infected. Her uncle Shigematsu and aunt Shigeko feel sorry for her and try to help as much them can, so they copy her diary written during the time the bomb fell.
The novel deals not only with the illnesses but also with psychological effects of the bomb attack: The fear and flashbacks that Yuichi has, and his reliance on Buddhism to deal with suffering. The extremely sad passages deal with discrimination within the society towards people poisoned by the radiation, giving us a glimpse of what it is like to be in such a difficult situation.
Unlikely, the movie White Light, Black Rain shows more horrific scenes of destruction: people losing their limbs and physical deformations. The condition was made even worse for the lack of doctors who were skilled in treating this kind of health problem. The horrific scenes make the film looks like a horror movie. It is difficult to digest that it really happened, and there are still survivors to tell the unfortunate history. Unlike the book, the movie not only deals with the daily life issues in its aftermath, but also shows the US side. It shows the US soldiers that dropped the bombs. At the time they had thought only of being efficient, but no remorse feelings. The camera zooms on burnt bodies in the streets, many of which include dead children. Some of the survivors still have fatal wounds such as burnt skin and deformity. After all these years the survivors are still suffering from the effects of the bombs – many of them received plastic surgery treatment in the US completely free.
The book Japan: A Documentary History, by David J. Lu, in Chapter 14, depicts the situation before the atomic bombs. There were many reasons for the Pacific war; the truth is that United States and Japan never had a friendly relationship, as it appears in document 1, General Outline of Measures for the Reconstruction of Japan, 1923, when plans of the Japanese reformulation were being introduced. The constitution was suspended for about three years. The significance of the emperor was being reformulated; decision of the peerage system being abolished breaking up barriers between emperor and people, popular election was introduced, among many other reforms that would work towards a better nation with satisfied citizens asserting people’s right, work rights, the right of the state and the right to start a war as well. It is written about the right to start a war “the state shall have the right to start a war on behalf of other nations and races unjustly oppressed by a third power.”(p. 417). Japan was working more towards securing its position in the continental part of East Asia advancing to the South Seas and also seeking an alliance with China.
Closer to the atomic event, Document 4: Joint Declaration of the Assembly of Greater East Asiatic Nations, 1943, mentions some dislike of the western nations: “The United States of America and the British Empire have in seeking their own prosperity oppressed other nations and people” (p. 423). The Greater East Asia decided to assure independence and self-defense with principles of cooperation, fraternity, and respect of each one’s tradition in order to accelerate their economic development, mutual aid, and assistance to strength the protection from western oppression and aggressive foreign policy.
In 1941, policy disputes intensified between US and Japan, leading to the decision to start a war. Japan issued demands to the US and depending on its response the war would be declared. There were some efforts from Japan on diplomacy, but the US and Britain was even making it difficult to Japan to have an access to the continent, especially after the outbreak of the China incident. The situation was becoming worse every day. The negotiation was becoming difficult under such circumstances. This motivated Japan to strengthen its relations with Italy and Germany, and to prepare the country for war. It would be disadvantageous for Japan to delay the war because of duet lack of funds, because had they delayed they would have caused an enlargement in the gap of air armament, more time for US preparation, as well the US preparation in the Philippines. Furthermore, Britain, Netherlands, and China would have had more time to increase defense.
The Japanese people were being called to make sacrifices for the emperor and to create a national defense state in either peace time or war. Japanese students were being sent to the front, while Japanese people were living in the war time. The fact of Japan losing the war was becoming more and more evident; Japan clearly hadn’t any more strength to keep fighting, and the idea of losing was being accepted by most of them. Consequently, the decision to surrender came on February 14, of 1945, as it is mentioned in DECISION TO SURRENDER related to Document 13, Memorial of Prince Konoye Urging Termination of War, 1945: “It is true that defeat will be a blemish on our national polity. However, defeat alone will not endanger our national polity because public opinion in England and the United States has not insisted on a change in our national polity”(p.450).After that, The US accepted the surrender, as we can see in Document 14, The Potsdam Declaration, 1945, more exactly on July 26. Here is an example of the thirteen terms for the Japanese surrender ” we – the president of the United States, the president of the National government of the Republic of China, and the prime minister of Great Britain, agree that Japan shall be given an opportunity to end this war”(p.453).
Maybe The United States committed the Hiroshima and Nagasaki massacre in order to save American lives, for the world peace, or to make sure the war was ended. However, apparently it was not necessary to drop the atomic bombs once the Japanese Emperor and other Japanese leaders had shown their willingness to surrender by February of 1945, they just wanted keep their Emperor and constitution, and to make sure the Emperor would be fine afterwards. The monarchical system is very old in Japan. People hold the belief that the emperors are holy descendants of the sun goddess – a mentality that sounded just too strange to the United States. Nevertheless, the bombs were dropped on August 6 and 9 of 1945. From my analyzes on these three valuable works, I conclude that the war seemed for the United States as a unique chance to test the new atomic bombs and through it, the US would reinforce its supremacy in the world. It would leave the world with no doubt that the US is powerful in order to teach a lesson and to drive fear into potential adversaries in the future.
About the Author
Marcelo Pereira Cunha, has a degree in Political Science and lives in New York City.
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