Pro Analog
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INVICTA PRO DIVER SS AUTOMATIC ANALOG DISPLAY RED DIAL MENS WRIST WATCHES 0998 $114.93 |
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Maxon 9-Series AD-9 Pro Analog Delay Pedal Standard $337.50 |
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BRAND NEW NXG PRO NX-3003 COMPOSITE VIDEO AND STEREO ANALOG AUDIO CABLE 3 METERS $22.99 |
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Blue YETIPRO Professional Usb/Analog Microphone USB Mic – New $249.99 |
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Pro Gamer Analog Thumb Grips NEW for Microsoft XBOX 360 $4.95 |
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NEW PRO ANALOG TATTOO MACHINE POWER SUPPLY KIT SET W/ CLIP CORD, FLAT FOOT PEDAL $16.50 |
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ATI Theater 650 Pro Dual TV Tuner PCI-e Digital, Analog $20.00 |
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Invicta Pro Diver Analog Swiss Quartz Mens Watches 4858 $93.90 |
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Auto Meter 8761 – Auto Meter Pro-Comp Pro Analog Gauge $149.95 |
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PC Powerpad Pro Gamepad by InterAct – with Digital and Analog Control $9.99 |
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NEW Blackmagic Design Intensity Pro HDMI Analog Editing PCIe Card BINTSPRO $189.05 |
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PRO CO USA Rat 2 Distortion Pedal – Analog Overdrive – ProCo $49.00 |
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PRO CO USA Rat 2 Distortion Pedal – Analog Overdrive – ProCo $51.00 |
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Microsoft XBOX 360 ProGamer Analog Controller Thumb Grips (2 Sets) KMD Pro Gamer $0.99 |
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NEW PRO ANALOG TATTOO MACHINE POWER SUPPLY KIT SET W/ CLIP CORD, FLAT FOOT PEDAL $17.95 |
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Amprobe RS-3 PRO CAT IV 300A Analog Clamp Meter $122.72 |
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Microsoft XBOX 360 ProGamer Analog Controller Thumb Grips (2 Sets) KMD Pro Gamer $8.99 |
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Digidesign 192 Pro Tools HD Interface with Analog Output Expansion Card $1,850.00 |
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Fluke Networks 26000900 Pro3000 Analog Tone and Probe $78.99 |
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1/32 SCX Pro Analog Slot Car KITS – Audi R8-50570 $55.99 |
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DVS HDStation PRO Digital/Analog Audio Video Sync TC GPI A/V HD/SD Break-Out-Box $59.99 |
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Starter Tattoo Kit 2 Machines Pro Gun Analog Power Supply 12 Full sz US Ink $93.99 |
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Pro Gamer Analog Thumb Grips NEW for Playstation 3 PS3 $4.95 |
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FLUKE Pro3000 Analog Tone & Probe Kit $25.00 |
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AVID Digidesign 192 I/O AD A/D Card Analog Input Expansion Card Pro Tools HD $549.00 |
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ProGamer Analog Controller Thumb Grips (Microsoft XBOX 360) New 2 Sets Pro Gamer $0.99 |
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XBOX 360 – ProGamer Analog Controller Thumb Grips (2 Sets) (Komodo) Pro Gamer $0.99 |
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Casio Pro Trek PRW5100YT-1 Atomic Solar Analog Digital Triple Sensor Mens Watch $659.95 |
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Behringer LD6230 EUROLIGHT Pro 6-Channel DMX Analog-Controlled Light DIMMER $305.99 |
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Casio Men’s PRW5100G-4 Pro-Trek Tough Solar Atomic Analog-Digital Watch $443.54 |
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Tom Oberheim SEM Pro Synthesizer Expander Module – All Analog! $1,295.00 |
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Audio Technica Direct Drive Pro Turntable – USB & Analog $180.00 |
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Waves Native JJP Bundle Jack Joseph Puig Analog Legends Pro Tools HD Logic $375.00 |
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YAMAHA SY-1 sy1 Vintage Analog Synthesizer Synth Keyboard sy-2 sy2 arp pro dgx $999.99 |
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New 25′ Pro Grade Gold M/M DVI Digital/Analog Video Cable $10.99 |
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Avid HEAT Analog Warmth And Color Emulation For Pro Tools | HD $149.00 |
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Tek/Pl/Pro-Log/Analog Devices RTI-1260 Circuit Board $35.00 |
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Pro Men Male Pilot 2 Dials Quartz Analog Wrist Sport Watch $10.85 |
Substance P, Analogs and Fragments
Definition
Substance P (SP) an undecapeptide, is abundant both in the periphery and in the CNS, where it is usually co-localised with one of the classical neurotransmitters, most commonly serotonin (5- HT) 1.
Related Peptides
SP belongs to a family of neuropeptides known as tachykinins that share the common C-terminal sequence: Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2. The three most common tachykinins are SP, neurokinin A (NKA), and neurokinin B (NKB); their biologic actions are mediated through specific cell-surface receptors designated NK1, NK2, and NK3, with SP the preferred agonist for NK1 receptors, NKA for NK2 receptors, and NKB for NK3 receptors 2.
Discovery
SP was originally discovered in 1931 by von Euler and Gaddum as a tissue extract that caused intestinal contraction in vitro; its biologic actions and tissue distribution were further investigated over subsequent decades 3.
Structural Characteristics
SP is an 11-residue neuropeptide with the sequence Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Glin-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2) 4. In a study, the C- and N-terminal fragments of SP were compared to the parent molecule with respect to their ability to: (a) contract the isolated guinea pig ileum, (b) induce salivation in the rat, (c) excite single cat dorsal horn neurones, and (d) induce scratching by intracranial injections in mice. C-terminal fragments as small as the heptapeptide were potent SP agonists on all assay systems. C-terminal fragments containing five amino acids or less were, at most, only weakly active. N-terminal fragments were totally inactive on the isolated guinea pig ileum. On the rat salivation and central nervous system assays, however, N-terminal fragments were capable of weak SP-like activity 5. The results obtained, indicated that while the carboxy terminal of SP is essential for peptide bronchoactivity, loss of amino terminal peptides (up to four residues) actually enhances bronchoconstrictor responses to the peptide. Part of this enhancement appears to result from differences in the enzymatic degradation of SP and SP5-11. The data suggest that cleavage of SP by dipeptidyl aminopeptidases could enhance its bioactivity 6. SP analogs: Senktide (succinyl-[Asp6,Me-Phe8]SP-(6-11)), a selective analog for the NK-3 (SP-N) receptor, is 20-100 times more potent than SP and about 1000-fold more potent than the selective analogs for the NK-1 (SP-P) receptor, which resides on muscle cells 7. Effects of five SP analogs on the licking, biting and scratching response induced by neurokinin (NK) 1 receptor agonists such as SP, physalaemin and (p-Glu6,Pro9)-SP (6-11) (septide) were studied after intrathecal injections in mice. Peptide brought about a SP-like behavioral response, and was approximately 25 times more potent than the D-Pro9 analog, D-septide. Septide-induced response was significantly reduced by lower doses of (D-Arg1, D-Pro2,4, D-Phe7, D-His9, Leu11)-SP than (D- Phe7, D-His9, Leu11)-SP (6-11). In contrast, (D-Arg1, D-Pro2,4, D-Phe7, D-His9)-SP (0.5-1.0 nmol) and (D-Phe7, D-His9)-SP (6-11) (0.5-2.0 nmol) inhibited only SP-induced behavioral response, but not physalaemin- or septide-induced response. The results of this study indicate that NK-1 receptor agonists are not necessarily affected to a same degree by SP analogs containing D-His 8. Analogues of substance P, [D-Arg1,D-Phe5,D-Trp7,9,Leu11] SP (SpD) and [Arg6,D-Trp7,9,NmePhe8]substance P can inhibit neuropeptide-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization, tyrosine phosphorylation, and ERK activation . Crucially, SpD and [Arg6,D-Trp7,9,NmePhe8] SP inhibit SCLC cell growth in vivo and in vitro and stimulate SCLC cell apoptosis. SP analogues were characterized originally as “broad spectrum neuropeptide antagonists” 9.
Mode of Action
The SP receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor, in many respects similar to other well-studied receptors in psychiatry, particularly monoamine receptors 2. The interaction of SP with its receptor activates Gq, which in turn activates phospholipase C to break down phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate into inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 acts on specific receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release intracellular stores of Ca2+, while DAG acts via protein kinase C to open L-type calcium channels in the plasma membrane. The rise in intracellular [Ca2+] induces the tissue response. With an array of actions as diverse as that seen with SP, there is scope for numerous therapeutic possibilities 10.
Functions
In the central nervous system, SP is associated with the regulation of mood disorders, anxiety, stress, reinforcement, neurogenesis, neurotoxicity and pain. In the digestive tract, SP, along with some other tachykinins, are neurotransmitters that regulate motor activity, secretion of ions and fluid, as well as vascular functions 11, 12.
About the Author
Bio-Synthesis Inc. a leading provider for Custom Antibody, Custom Peptide Synthesis, Custom siRNA Synthesis, Organic Laboratory Technique, Antibiotic Peptides.
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Maxon Ad-9 Pro Analog Delay